Signal conversion for fault isolation

ABSTRACT

To readily isolate a fault in a network adaptable for distributed restoration of disrupted traffic, each node of the network is provisioned with the functionality of being able to detect an incoming alarm signal and convert such alarm signal into a non-alarm signal with an embedded message for further propagation to nodes downstream thereof. Thus, the custodial nodes that first detected the alarm resulting from the malfunction would convert the alarm signal into a non-alarm signal and propagate the non-alarm signal to their respective downstream nodes. By thus changing the alarm signal into a non-alarm signal by the nodes that first detect the alarm, the management of the network ensures that the alarm is detected by only two adjacent nodes, thereby making the fault isolation quick and simple. In order not to disturb the functioning of the nodes outside the distributed restoration network, when the converted non-alarm signal reaches an access/egress node of the distributed restoration network, it is reconverted back into an alarm signal to be propagated to nodes outside of the network.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 09/038,531, filed on Mar. 11, 1998, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to provisional patent application No. 60/040,536, filed Mar. 12, 1997.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a distributed restoration algorithm (DRA) network, and more particularly to a method for isolating the location of a fault in the network and the apparatus for effecting the method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a telecommunications network, certain portions of it may be provisioned with the ability to restore traffic that has been disrupted due to a fault or a malfunction at a given location of the network. Such portion(s) of the network that has been provisioned with the restoration ability is known as a distributed restoration algorithm (DRA) network, or domain. The nodes, or switches, in the DRA domain each are equipped with an algorithm and associated hardware that allow the nodes each to begin to look for a new path for restoring the disrupted traffic once that node senses a disruption. Each of the nodes is interconnected, by means of at least one link or span, to at least one other node. In other words, the plurality of nodes in a network are interconnected to other nodes by a plurality of links. In addition to routing traffic, the links also provide to each node signals that inform the node of the operational status of the network. Thus, a signal is provided to each node to inform the node that traffic is being routed among the nodes effectively, or that there has been a malfunction somewhere in the network and that an alternate route or routes are required to reroute the disrupted traffic.

Conventionally, when everything is operating correctly, an idle signal, or some other similar signal, is propagated among the various nodes of the network to inform those nodes that traffic is being routed correctly. However, if a fault occurs somewhere in the network that disrupts the flow of traffic, an alarm is sent out from the fault location and propagated to the nodes of the network. Such alarm signal causes the equipment in the network downstream of the fault location to go into alarm. To suppress the alarm in the downstream equipment, a follow-up signal is sent.

This prior art method of sending out an alarm signal from the location of the fault aids in the fault isolation along a single link. Unfortunately, the standard that requires the sending of an alarm signal downstream from the fault also requires that the downstream nodes, upon receipt of the alarm signal, further propagate it downstream. As a consequence, since all nodes in the network will receive the alarm signal within a short period of time after the fault has occurred, it becomes very difficult, if not downright impossible, for the management of the network to identify the custodial nodes of a failed link, or the site where the fault occurred. This is due to the fact that, in addition to the custodial nodes, many other nodes in the network likewise are in receipt of the alarm signal.

There is therefore required a method in which the true custodial nodes of a failed link be made aware that they indeed are the custodial nodes. Putting it differently, a method is required to differentiate the alarm signal received by nodes other than the custodial nodes from the alarm signal received by the custodial nodes, in order to preserve the accepted practice of sending an alarm signal to downstream-equipment.

Since in most instances a distributed restoration domain is a portion of an overall telecommunications network, or a number of different networks, it is therefore also required that the status of whatever signals received by the nodes outside of the distributed restoration domain be maintained as if there has not be any differentiation between the time when those signals are received by the custodial nodes and when those signals are received subsequently by the nodes outside the domain.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention involves modifying the functionality of each node of the distributed restoration domain, so that, when in receipt of a failed signal (or an AIS signal that suppresses the alarm of downstream equipment), each node of the domain would cause the propagation of a distinct non-alarm signal (or non-AIS signal) that would accomplish the same thing as the original failed signal. Consequently, only the custodial nodes of a failed link, or those nodes that bracket a malfunctioned site, are in receipt of the true alarm or AIS signal.

Since adjacent nodes are connected by links, or spans, the kinds of signals that traverse among the nodes in a network have different formats, depending on the type of connection. In the case of a Digital Service 3 (DS3) facility, each of the nodes of the distributed restoration domain is provisioned with a converter, so that when in receipt of an AIS signal, the converter would convert the AIS signal into an idle signal (or a modified AIS signal), and propagate the idle signal to nodes downstream thereof. To achieve this conversion of an AIS signal, a modification of at least one of the C bits of the idle signal takes place. Indications of directly adjacent failures such as loss of signal (LOS), loss of frame (LOF) and loss of pointer (LOP) also result in the propagation of a modified idle signal to nodes downstream of where the fault occurred.

At the perimeter of the distributed restoration domain, each of the access/egress nodes that communicatively interconnects the domain to the rest of the network, or other networks, is provisioned such that any incoming modified idle signal is reconverted, or replaced, by a standard AIS signal so that the equipment outside of the distributed restoration domain continue to receive the standard compliant signal.

For those networks that are interconnected by optical fibers where the SONET Synchronous Transport Signal (STS-n) such as the STS 3 standard is used, each node of the distributed restoration domain is provisioned so that, in receipt of an incoming STS-N AIS signal, such AIS signal is replaced by a STS-N Incoming Signal Failure (ISF) signal. In the preferred embodiment, the Z5 bit of the STS-3 signal is changed. This modification serves the same purpose as the C bit modification to the DS3 signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The above-mentioned objectives and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent and the invention itself will be best understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates a simplified telecommunications restoration network to provide certain definitions applicable to the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a restoration subnetwork for illustrating concepts applicable to the present invention;

FIG. 3 conceptually shows a failure within a restoration subnetwork;

FIG. 4 illustrates two origins/destination nodes pairs for demonstrating the applicable scope of the present invention;

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the loose synchronization features of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows the failure notification message flow applicable to the present invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates the flow of keep-alive messages according to the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates the flow of path verification messages according to the teachings of the present invention;

FIG. 9 shows a time diagram applicable to the failure notification and fault isolation process of the present invention;

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate the AIS signal flow within the restoration subnetwork of the present invention;

FIG. 12 describes more completely the failure notification message flow within the restoration subnetwork according to the present invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates the beginning of an iteration of the restoration process of the present invention;

FIG. 14 provides a timed diagram applicable to the explore, return, max flow and connect phases of the first iteration of the restoration process of the present invention;

FIG. 15 provides a timed diagram associated with the explore phase of the process of the present invention;

FIG. 16 illustrates the possible configuration of multiple origins/destination node pairs from a given origin node;

FIG. 17 depicts two steps of the explore phase of the first iteration of the restoration process;

FIG. 18 provides a timed diagram applicable to the return phase of the restoration process of the present invention;

FIG. 19 shows steps associated with the return phase of the present process;

FIGS. 20, 21 and 22 illustrates the link allocation according to the return phase of the present invention;

FIG. 23 illustrates a typical return message for receipt by the origin node of a restoration subnetwork;

FIG. 24 provides a timed diagram for depicting the modified map derived from the return messages received at the origin node;

FIG. 25 shows the restoration subnetwork model within the origin node;

FIG. 26 shows the max flow output for the max flow phase of the present process;

FIG. 27 illustrates an optimal routing applicable to the max flow output of the present invention;

FIG. 28 provides a timed diagram for showing the sequence of the connect phase for the first iteration of the process of the present invention;

FIG. 29 illustrates the connect messages for providing the alternate path routes between an origin node and destination node of a restoration subnetwork;

FIGS. 30 and 31 show how the present invention deals with hybrid restoration subnetworks;

FIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate the explore phase and return phase, respectively, applicable to hybrid networks;

FIG. 34 shows the time diagram including an extra iteration for processing hybrid networks according to the teachings of the present invention;

FIGS. 35 and 36 illustrate a lower quality spare according to the teachings of the present invention;

FIG. 37 illustrate the use of a “I am custodial node” flag of the present invention;

FIGS. 38 through 42 describe the restricted re-use features of the present invention;

FIG. 43 describes the path inhibit feature of the present invention; and

FIG. 44 further describes the path inhibit feature of the present invention.

FIG. 45 shows a plurality of nodes of a distributed restoration domain through which an alarm signal generated as a result of a malfunction at a link interconnecting two of the nodes is shown to be propagated to downstream nodes;

FIG. 46 illustrates the same nodes as shown in the FIG. 45 DS3 environment, but in this instance those nodes of the distributed restoration domain each are provisioned to convert an incoming alarm signal into a non-alarm signal, and the access/egress nodes of the distributed restoration domain are further provisioned to reconvert any received modified alarm signal back into an alarm signal;

FIG. 47 shows the frame structure of a DS3 signal for illustrating the conversion of an alarm signal into a non-alarm signal in a DS3 format;

FIG. 48 is an illustration that is similar to the FIG. 46 embodiment, except that the FIG. 48 embodiment illustrates a SONET network;

FIG. 49 shows the format of a STS-3 frame for explaining the conversion of an alarm signal into a non-alarm signal in a SONET network;

FIG. 50 is a simplified block diagram illustrating the flow of a signal into a node of a distributed restoration domain;

FIG. 51 is a block representation of a node in the distributed restoration domain of the instant invention provisioned to convert an alarm signal into a non-alarm signal, and in the case of an access/egress node, to reconvert a non-alarm signal back into an alarm signal; and

FIG. 52 is a graph demonstrating the statuses of the different signals into and out of the nodes of a distributed restoration domain.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows telecommunications network portion 10, that includes node 12 that may communicate with node 14 and node 16, for example. Connecting between node 12 and 14 may be a set of links such as links 18 through 26, as well as for example, links 28 through 30 between node 12 and node 16. Node 14 and node 16 may also communicate between one another through links 32 through 36, for example, which collectively may be thought of as a span 38.

The following description uses certain terms to describe the concepts of the present invention. The term 1633SX is a cross-connect switch and is here called a “node.” Between nodes are links, which may be a DS-3, and STS-1, which is essentially the same thing as a DS-3, but which conforms to a different standard. A link could be an STS-3, which is three STS-1s multiplexed together to form a single signal. A link may also be a STS-12, which is twelve STS-1s multiplexed together, or a link could be an STS-12C, which is twelve STS-12s, which are actually locked together to form one large channel. A link, however, actually is one unit of capacity for the purposes of the present invention. Thus, for purposes of the following description, a link is a unit of capacity connecting between one node and another. A span is to be understood as all of the links between two adjacent nodes. Adjacent nodes or neighbor nodes are connected by a bundle, which itself is made up of links.

For purposes of the present description, links may be classified as working, spare, fail, or recovered. A working link is a link that currently carries traffic. Spare links are operable links that are not currently being used. A spare link may be used whenever the network desires to use the link. A failed link is a link that was working, but has failed. A recovered link is a link that, as will be described more completely below, has been recovered.

FIG. 2 illustrates the conceptual example of restoration subnetwork 40 that may include origin node 42 that through tandem nodes 44 and 46 connects to destination node 48. In restoration subnetwork 40, a path such as paths 50, 52, 54, and 56 includes connections to nodes 42 through 48, for example, as well as links between these nodes. As restoration subnetwork 40 depicts, each of the paths enters restoration subnetwork 40 from outside restoration subnetwork 40 at origin node 42.

With the present embodiment, each of nodes 42 through 48 includes an associated node identifier. Origin node 42 possesses a lower node identifier value, while destination node 48 possesses a higher node identifier value. In the restoration process of the present invention, the nodes compare node identification numbers.

The present invention establishes restoration subnetwork 40 that may be part of an entire telecommunications network 10. Within restoration subnetwork 40, there may be numerous paths 50. A path 50 includes a number of links 18 strung together and crossconnected through the nodes 44. The path 50 does not start within restoration subnetwork 40, but may start at a customer premise or someplace else. In fact, a path 50 may originate outside a given telecommunications network 10. The point at which the path 50 enters the restoration subnetwork 40, however, is origin node 42. The point on origin node 42 at which path 50 comes into restoration subnetwork 40 is access/egress port 58.

In a restoration subnetwork, the failure may occur between two tandem nodes. The two tandem nodes on each side of the failure are designated as “custodial” nodes. If a single failure occurs in the network, there can be two custodial nodes. In the network, therefore, there can be many origin/destination nodes. There will be two origin nodes and two destination nodes. An origin node together with an associated destination node may be deemed an origin/destination pair. One failure may cause many origin/destination pairs.

FIG. 3 illustrates the concept of custodial nodes applicable to the present invention. Referring again to restoration subnetwork 40, custodial nodes 62 and 64 are the tandem nodes positioned on each side of failed span 66. Custodial nodes 62 and 64 have bound the failed link and communicate this failure, as will be described below.

FIG. 4 illustrates the aspect of the present invention for handling more than one origin-destination node pair in the event of a span failure. Referring to FIG. 4, restoration subnetwork 40 may include, for example, origin node 42 that connects through custodial nodes 62 and 64 to destination node 48. Within the same restoration subnetwork, there may be more than one origin node, such as origin node 72. In fact, origin node 72 may connect through custodial node 62 and custodial node 64 to destination node 74. As in FIG. 3, FIG. 4 shows failure 66 that establishes custodial nodes 62 and 64.

The present invention has application for each origin/destination pair in a given restoration subnetwork. The following discussion, however, describes the operation of the present invention for one origin/destination pair. obtaining an understanding of how the present invention handles a single origin/destination pair makes clear how the algorithm may be extended in the event of several origin/destination pairs occurring at the same time. An important consideration for the present invention, however, is that a single cut may produce numerous origin/destination pairs.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the concept of loose synchronization according to the present invention. “Loose synchronization” allows operation of the present method and system as though all steps were synchronized according to a centralized clock. Known restoration algorithms suffer from race conditions during restoration that make operation of the restoration process unpredictable. The restoration configuration that results in a given network, because of race conditions, depends on which messages arrive first. The present invention eliminates race conditions and provides a reliable result for each given failure. This provides the ability to predict how the restored network will be configured, resulting in a much simpler restoration process.

Referring to FIG. 5A, restoration subnetwork 40 includes origin node 42, that connects to tandem nodes 44 and 46. Data may flow from origin node 42 to tandem node 46, along data path 76, for example. Origin node 42 may connect to tandem node 44 via path 78. However, path 80 may directly connect origin node 42 with destination node 48. Path 82 connects between tandem node 44 and tandem node 46. Moreover, path 84 connects between tandem node 46 and destination node 48. As FIG. 5A depicts, data may flow along path 76 from origin node 42 to tandem node 46, and from destination node 48 to origin node 42. Moreover, data may be communicated between tandem node 44 and tandem node 46. Destination node 48 may direct data to origin node 42 along data path 80, as well as to tandem node 46 using path 84.

These data flows will all take place in a single step. At the end of a step, each of the nodes in restoration subnetwork 40 sends a “step complete” message to its neighboring node. Continuing with the example of FIG. 5A, in FIG. 5B there are numerous step complete messages that occur within restoration subnetwork 40. In particular, step complete message exchanges occur between origin node 42 and tandem node 44 on data path 78, between origin node 42 and tandem node 46 on data path 76, and between origin node 42 and destination node 48 on data path 80. Moreover, tandem node 46 exchanges “step complete” messages with tandem node 44 on data path 82, and between tandem node 46 and destination node 48 on data path 84.

In the following discussion, the term “hop count” is part of the message that travels from one node to its neighbor. Each time a message flows from one node to its neighbor, a “hop” occurs. Therefore, the hop count determines how many hops the message has taken within the restoration subnetwork. The restoration algorithm of the present invention may be partitioned into steps. Loose synchronization assures that in each step a node processes the message it receives from its neighbors in that step. Loose synchronization also makes the node send a step complete message to every neighbor. If a node has nothing to do in a given step, all it does is send a step complete message. When a node receives a step complete message from all of its neighbors, it increments a step counter associated with the node and goes to the next step.

Once a node receives step complete messages from every neighbor, it goes to the next step in the restoration process. In looking at the messages that may go over a link, it is possible to see a number of messages going over the link. The last message, however, will be a step complete message. Thus, during the step, numerous data messages are exchanged between nodes. At the end of the step, all the nodes send step complete messages to their neighbors to indicate that all of the appropriate data messages have been sent and it is appropriate to go to the next step. As a result of the continual data, step complete, data, step complete, message traffic, a basic synchronization occurs.

In practice, although the operation is not as synchronized as it may appear in the associated FIGUREs, synchronization occurs. During the operation of the present invention, messages travel through the restoration subnetwork at different times. However, loose synchronization prevents data messages from flowing through the restoration subnetwork until all step complete messages have been received at the nodes. It is possible for one node to be at step 3, while another node is at step 4. In fact, at some places within the restoration subnetwork, there may be even further step differences between nodes. This helps minimize the effects of slower nodes on the steps occurring within the restoration subnetwork.

The steps in the process of the present invention may be thought of most easily by considering them to be numbered. The process, therefore, starts at step 1 and proceeds to step 2. There are predetermined activities that occur at each step and each node possesses its own step counter. However, there is no master clock that controls the entire restoration subnetwork. In other words, the network restoration process of the present invention may be considered as a distributive restoration process. With this configuration, no node is any different from any other node. They all perform the same process independently, but in loose synchronization.

FIG. 6 shows the typical form of a failure notification message through restoration subnetwork 40. If, for example, origin node 42 desires to start a restoration event, it first sends failure notification messages to tandem node 44 via data path 78, to tandem node 46 via data path 76, and destination node 48 via data path 80. As FIG. 6 further shows, tandem node 44 sends failure notification message to tandem node 46 on path 82, as does destination node 48 to tandem node 46 on path, 84.

The process of the present invention, therefore, begins with a failure notification message. The failure notification message is broadcast throughout the restoration subnetwork to begin the restoration process from one node to all other nodes. Once a node receives a failure message, it sends the failure notification message to its neighboring node, which further sends the message to its neighboring nodes. Eventually the failure notification message reaches every node in the restoration subnetwork. Note that if there are multiple failures in a network, it is possible to have multiple failure notification messages flooding throughout the restoration subnetwork simultaneously.

The first failure notification message initiates the restoration algorithm of the present invention. Moreover, broadcasting the failure notification message is asynchronous in the sense that as soon as the node receives the failure notification message, it broadcasts the message to its neighbors without regard to any timing signals. It is the failure notification message that begins the loose synchronization process to begin the restoration process of the present invention at each node within the restoration subnetwork. Once a node begins the restoration process, a series of events occurs.

Note, however, that before the restoration process of the present invention occurs, numerous events are already occurring in the restoration subnetwork. One such event is the transmission and receipt of keep alive messages that neighboring nodes exchange between themselves.

FIG. 7 illustrates the communication of keep-alive messages that the restoration process of the present invention communicates on spare links, for the purpose of identifying neighboring nodes. Referring to FIG. 7, configuration 90 shows the connection via spare link 92 between node 94 and node 96. Suppose, for example, that node 94 has the numerical designation I′ll″, and port designation 11103″. Suppose further that node 96 has the numerical designation 3 and the port designation 5. On spare link 92, node 94 sends keep-alive message 98 to node 96, identifying its node number “11” and port number “103”. Also, from node 96, keep-alive message 100 flows to node 94, identifying the keep-alive message as coming from the node having the numerical value “3”, and its port having the numerical value “5”.

The present invention employs keep-alive signaling using C-Bit of the DS-3 formatted messages in restoration subnetwork 40, the available spare links carry DS-3 signals, wherein the C-bits convey special keep-alive messages. In particular, each keep-alive message contains the node identifier and port number that is sending the message, the WAN address of the node, and an “I am custodial node” indicator to be used for assessing spare quality.

An important aspect of the present invention relates to signaling channels which occurs when cross-connect nodes communicate with one another. There are two kinds of communications the cross-connects can perform. One is called in-band, another is out-of-band. With in-band communication, a signal travels over the same physical piece of media as the working traffic. The communication travels over the same physical media as the path or the same physical media as the link. With out-of-band signals, there is freedom to deliver the signals between cross-connects in any way possible. Out-of-band signals generally require a much higher data rate.

In FIG. 7, for example, in-band messages are piggybacked on links. out-of-band message traffic may flow along any other possible path between two nodes. With the present invention, certain messages must flow in-band. These include the keep-alive message, the path verification message, and the signal fail message. There are some signaling channels available to the restoration process of the present invention, depending on the type of link involved. This includes SONET links and asynchronous links, such as DS-3 links.

A distinguishing feature between SONET links and DS-3 links is that each employs a different framing standard for which unique and applicable equipment must conform. It is not physically possible to have the same port serve as a SONET port and as a DS-3 port at the same time. In SONET signal channeling, there is a feature called tandem path overhead, which is a signaling channel that is part of the signal that is multiplexed together. It is possible to separate this signal portion from the SONET signaling channel. Because of the tandem path overhead, sometimes called the Z5 byte, there is the ability within the SONET channel to send messages.

On DS-3 links, there are two possible signaling channels. There is the C-bit and the X-bit. The C-bit channel cannot be used on working paths, but can only be used on spare or recovered links. This is because the DS-3 standard provides the option using the C-bit or not using the C-bit. If the C-bit format signal is used, then it is possible to use the C-bit for signaling. However, in this instance, working traffic does not use that format. Accordingly, the C-bit is not available for signaling on the working channels. It can be used only on spare links and on recovered links.

FIG. 8 illustrates in restoration subnetwork 40 the flow of path verification messages from origin node 42 through tandem nodes 44 and 46 to destination node 48. Path verification message 102 flows from origin node 42 through tandem nodes 44 and 46 to destination node 48. In particular, suppose origin node 42 has the label 18, and that working path 52 enters port 58. Path verification message 102, therefore, contains the labels 18 and 53, and carries this information through tandem nodes 44 and 46 to destination node 48. Destination node 48 includes the label 15 and egress port 106 having the label 29. Path verification message 104 flows through tandem node 46 and 44 to origin node 42 for the purpose of identifying destination node 48 as the destination node for working path 52.

A path verification message is embedded in a DS-3 signal using the X-bits which are normally used for very low speed single-bit alarm signaling. In the present invention, the X-bit state is overridden with short bursts of data to communicate signal identity to receptive equipment downstream. The bursts are of such short duration that other equipment relying upon traditional use of the X-bit for alarm signaling will not be disturbed.

The present invention also provides for confining path verification signals within a network. In a DRA-controlled network, path verification messages are imbedded in traffic-bearing signals entering the network and removed from signals leaving the network. Inside of the network, propagation of such signals is bounded based upon the DRA-enablement status of each port. The path verification messages identify the originating node and the destination node. The path verification messages occur on working links that are actually carrying traffic. The path verification message originates at origin node 42 and the restoration subnetwork and passes through tandem nodes until the traffic reaches destination node 48. Tandem nodes 44 and 46 between the origin node 42 and destination node 48, for example, can read the path verification message but they cannot modify it. At destination node 48, the path verification message is stripped from the working traffic to prevent its being transmitted from the restoration subnetwork.

The present invention uses the X-bit to carry path verification message 104. one signal format that the present invention may use is the DS-3 signal format. While it is possible to easily provide a path verification message on SONET traffic, the DS-3 traffic standard does not readily permit using path verification message 104. The present invention overcomes this limitation by adding to the DS-3 signal, without interrupting the traffic on this signal and without causing alarms throughout the network, path verification message 104 on the DS-3 frame X-bit.

The DS-3 standard specifies that the signal is provided in frames. Each frame has a special bit in it called the X-bit. In fact, there are two X-bits, X-1 and X-2. The original purpose of the X-bit, however, was not to carry path verification message 104. The present invention provides in the X-bit the path verification message. This avoids alarms and equipment problems that would occur if path verification message 104 were placed elsewhere. An important aspect of using the X-bit for path-verification message 104 with the present embodiment relates to the format of the signal. The present embodiment sends path verification message 104 at a very low data rate, for example, on the order of five bits per second. By sending path verification message 104 on the X-bit very slowly, the possibility of causing an alarm in the network is significantly reduced. Path verification message 104 is sent at a short burst, followed by a long waiting period, followed by a short burst, followed by a long waiting period, etc. This method of “sneaking” path verification message 104 past the alarms permits using path verification message 104 in the DS-3 architecture systems.

FIG. 9 shows conceptually a timeline for the restoration process that the present invention performs. With time moving downward, time region 108 depicts the network status prior to a failure happening at point 110. At the point that a failure happens, the failure notification and fault isolation events occur in time span 112. Upon completion of this step, the first generation of the present process occurs, as indicated by space 114. This includes explore phase 116 having, for example three steps 118, 120 and 122. Return phase 124 occurs next and may include at least two steps 126 and 128. These steps are discussed more completely below.

Once a failure occurs, the process of the present invention includes failure notification and fault isolation phase 112. Failure notification starts the process by sending failure notification messages throughout the restoration subnetwork. Fault isolation entails determining which nodes are the custodial nodes. One reason that it is important to know the custodial nodes is that there are spares on the same span as the failed span. The present invention avoids using those spares, because they are also highly likely to fail. Fault isolation, therefore, provides a way to identify which nodes are the custodial nodes and identifies the location of the fault along the path.

FIG. 10 illustrates the flow of AIS signals 130 through restoration subnetwork 40. In the event of failure 66 between custodial nodes 62 and 64, the AIS message 130 travels through custodial node 62 to origin node 42 and out restoration subnetwork 40. Also, AIS message 130 travels through custodial node 64 and tandem node 46, to destination node 48 before leaving restoration subnetwork 40. This is the normal way of communicating AIS messages 130. Thus, normally every link on a failed path sees the same AIS signal.

FIG. 11, on the other hand, illustrates the conversion of AIS signal 130 to “signal fail” signals 132 and 134. SF message 132 goes to origin node 42, at which point it is reconverted to AIS message 132. Next, signal 134 passes through tandem node 46 en route to destination node 48, which reconverts SF message 134 to AIS message 130.

FIGS. 10 and 11, therefore, illustrate how the DS-3 standard specifies operations within the restoration subnetwork. For a DS-3 path including origin node 42 and destination node 48, with one or more tandem nodes 44, 46. Custodial nodes 62 and 64 are on each side of the link failure 66. AIS signal 130 is a DS-3 standard signal that indicates that there is an alarm downstream. Moreover, AIS signal 130 could actually be several different signals. AIS signal 130 propagates downstream so that every node sees exactly the same signal.

With AIS signal 130, there is no way to determine which is a custodial node 62, 64 and which is the tandem node 44, 46. This is because the incoming signal looks the same to each receiving node. The present embodiment takes this into consideration by converting AIS signal 130 to a signal fail or SF signal 132. When tandem node 46 sees SF signal 134, it propagates it through until it reaches destination node 48 which converts SF signal 134 back to AIS signal 130.

Another signal that may propagate through the restoration subnetwork 40 is the ISF signal. The ISF signal is for a signal that comes into the restoration subnetwork and stands for incoming signal fail. An ISF signal occurs if a bad signal comes into the network. if it comes in as an AIS signal, there is the need to distinguish that, as well. In the SONET standard there is already an ISF signal. The present invention adds the SF signal, as previously mentioned. In the DS-3 standard, the SF signal already exists. The present invention adds the ISF signal to the DS-3 standard. Consequently, for operation of the present invention in the DS-3 standard environment, there is the addition of the ISF signal. For operation in the SONET standard environment, the present invention adds the SF signal. Therefore, for each of the standards, the present invention adds a new signal.

To distinguish whether an incoming non-traffic signal received by a node has been asserted due to an alarm within a DRA-controlled network, a modified DS-3 idle signal is propagated downstream in place of the usual Alarm Indication Signal (AIS). This alarm-produced idle signal differs from a normal idle signal by an embedded messaging in the C-bit maintenance channel to convey the presence of a failure within the realm of a particular network. The replacement of AIS with idle is done to aid fault isolation by squelching downstream alarms. Upon leaving the network, such signals may be converted back into AIS signals to maintain operational compatibility with equipments outside the network. A comparable technique is performed in a SONET network, where STS-N AIS signals are replaced with ISF signal and the ZS byte conveys the alarm information.

Another aspect of the present invention is the ability to manage unidirectional failures. In a distributed restoration environment, failures that occur along one direction of a bidirectional link are handled by first verifying that the alarm signal persists for a period of time and then propagating an idle signal back along the remaining working direction. This alarm produced idle signal differs from a normal idle signal by embedded messaging in the C-bit maintenance channel to convey the presence of a far end receive failure. In this manner, custodial nodes are promptly identified and restorative switching is simplified by treating unidirectional failures as if they were bidirectional failures.

FIG. 12 illustrates the broadcast of failure notification messages from custodial nodes 62 and 64. As FIG. 12 depicts, custodial node 62 sends a failure notification to origin node 42, as well as to tandem node 136. Tandem node 136 further broadcasts the failure notification message to tandem nodes 138 and 140. In addition, custodial node 64 transmits a failure notification message to tandem node 46, which further transmits the failure notification message to destination node 48. Also, custodial node 64 broadcasts the failure notification message to tandem node 140.

FIG. 13 illustrates the time diagram for the first iteration following fault isolation. In particular, FIG. 13 shows the time diagram for explore phase 116 and return phase 124 of iteration 1. FIG. 14 further illustrates the time diagram for the completion of iteration 1 and a portion of iteration 2. As FIG. 14 indicates, iteration 1 includes explore phase 116, return phase 124, max flow phase 142 and connect phase 144. Max flow phase 142 includes a single step 146. Note that connect phase 144 of iteration 2 shown by region 148 includes six steps, 150 through 160, and occurs simultaneously with explore phase 162 of iteration 2. Note further that return phase 164 of iteration 2 also includes six steps 166 through 176.

Each iteration involves explore, return, maxflow, and connect phases. The restored traffic addressed by connect message and the remaining unrestored traffic conveyed by the explore message are disjoint sets. Hence, there is no conflict in concurrently propagating or combining these messaging steps in a synchronous DRA process. In conjunction with failure queuing, this practice leads to a restoration process that is both reliably coordinated and expeditious.

The iterations become longer in duration and include more steps in subsequent iterations. This is because with subsequent iterations, alternate paths are sought. A path has a certain length in terms of hops. A path may be three hops or four hops, for example. In the first iteration, for example, a hop count may be set at three. This, means that alternate paths that are less than or equal to three hops are sought. The next iteration may seek alternate paths that are less than or equal to six hops.

Setting a hop count limit per iteration increases the efficiency of the process of the present invention. With the system of the present invention, the number of iterations and the number of hop counts for each iteration is configurable. However, these may also be preset, depending on the degree of flexibility that a given implementation requires. Realize, however, that with increased configurability, increased complexity results. This increased complexity may, in some instances, generate the possibility for inappropriate or problematic configurations.

FIG. 15, for promoting the more detailed discussion of the explore phase, shows explore phase 116, which is the initial part of the first iteration 114. FIG. 16 shows restoration network portion 170 to express the idea that a single origin node 42 may have more than one destination node. In particular, destination node 180 may be a destination node for origin node 42 through custodial nodes 62 and 66. Also, as before, destination node 48 is a destination node for origin node 42. This occurs because two working paths, 182 and 184, flow through restoration subnetwork portion 170, both beginning at origin node 42. During the explore phase, messages begin at the origin nodes and move outward through the restoration subnetwork. Each explore message is stored and forwarded in a loosely synchronized manner. Accordingly, if a node receives the message in step 1, it forwards it in step 2. The neighboring node that receives the explore message in step 1 transmits the explore message to its neighboring node in step 2. Because the present invention employs loose synchronization it does not matter how fast the message is transmitted from one neighbor to another, it will be sent at the next step irrespectively.

If the explore phase is three steps long, it may flood out three hops and no more. The following discussion pertains to a single origin-destination pair, but there may be other origin/destination pairs performing the similar or identical functions at the same time within restoration subnetwork 40. If two nodes send the explore message to a neighboring node, only the first message received by the neighboring node is transmitted by the neighboring node. The message that is second received by the neighboring node is recognized, but not forwarded. Accordingly, the first node to reach a neighboring node with an explore message is generally the closest node to the neighboring node. When an explore message reaches the destination node, it stops. This step determines the amount of spare capacity existing in the restoration subnetwork between the origin node and the destination node.

Because of loose synchronization, the first message that reaches origin node 42 and destination node 48 will be the shortest path. There are no race conditions within the present invention's operation. In the explore message, the distance between the origin node and destination node is included. This distance, measured in hops, is always equal to or less than the number of steps allowed for the given explore phase. For example, if a destination node is five hops from the origin node by the shortest path, the explore phase with a three hop count limit will never generate a return message. On the other hand, an explore phase with a six hop count limit will return the five hop count information in the return message.

In the explore message there is an identification of the origin-destination pair to identify which node sent the explore message and the destination node that is to receive the explore message. There is also a request for capacity. The message may say, for example, that there is the need for thirteen DS-3s, because thirteen DS-3s failed. In practice, there may be not just DS-3s, but also STS-1s, STS-12C's, etc. The point being, however, that a certain amount of capacity is requested. At each node that the explore message passes through, the request for capacity is noted. The explore phase is over once the predetermined number of steps have been completed. Thus, for example, if the explore phase is to last three steps, at step 4, the explore phase is over. This provides a well-defined end for the explore phase.

FIG. 17 illustrates restoration subnetwork 40 for a single-origin destination pair, including origin node 42 and destination node 48. In restoration subnetwork 40, origin node 42, at the beginning of the explore phase, takes step 1 to send an explore message to tandem node 44, tandem node 46 and tandem node 186. At step 2, tandem node 46 sends an explore message to tandem node 188 and to destination node 48. At step 2, tandem node 44 sends an explore message to tandem node 46, tandem node 46 sends an explore message to tandem node 188, and to destination node 48, and tandem node 186 sends explore messages to tandem node 46 and to destination node 48. Note that explore messages at step 2 from tandem node 44 to tandem node 46 and from tandem node 186 to tandem node 46 are not forwarded by tandem node 46.

FIG. 18 illustrates the time diagram for the next phase in the restoration process of the present invention, the return phase 24, which during the first iteration, includes three steps, 126, 128 and 129.

FIG. 19 illustrates the return phase of the present invention, during the first iteration. Beginning at destination node 48, at step 4, return message flows on path 192 to tandem node 46, and on path 190 to tandem node 186. At step 5, the return message flows on path 76 to origin node 42. Also, from tandem node 186, a return message flows to origin node

During the return phase, a return message flows over the same path traversed by its corresponding explore phase, but in the opposite direction. Messages come from the destination node and flow to the origin node. In addition, the return phase messages are loosely synchronized as previously described. The return phase messages contain information relating to the number of spare links available for connecting the origin node to the destination node.

In the return phase, information relating to the available capacity goes to the origin node. Beginning at destination node 48, and continuing through each tandem node 44, 46, 186 en route to origin node 42, the return message becomes increasingly longer. The return message, therefore, contains information on how much capacity is available on each span en route to the origin node. The result of the return message received is the ability to establish at the origin node a map of the restoration network showing where the spare capacity is that is useable for the restoration.

FIG. 20 illustrates tandem node 44, that connects to tandem node 46 through span 38. Note that span 38 includes six links 32, 34, 36, 196, 198 and 200. FIGS. 21 and 22 illustrate the allocation of links between the tandem nodes 44, 46 according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Referring first to FIG. 21, suppose that in a previous explore phase, span 38 between tandem nodes 44 and 46 carries the first explore message (5,3) declaring the need for four links for node 46, such as scenario 202 depicts. Scenario 204 shows further a message (11,2) requesting eight link flows from tandem node 44, port 2.

FIG. 22 illustrates how the present embodiment allocates the six links of span 38. In particular, in response to the explore messages from scenarios 202 and 204 of FIG. 21, each of tandem nodes 44 and 46 knows to allocate three links for each origin destination pair. Thus, between tandem nodes 44 and 46, three links, for example links 32, 34 and 36 are allocated to the (5,3) origin destination pair. Links 196, 198 and 200, for example, may be allocated to the origin/destination pair (11,2).

FIG. 23 illustrates the results of the return phase of the present invention. Restoration subnetwork 40 includes origin node 42, tandem nodes 208, 210 and 212, as well as tandem node 44, for example. As FIG. 23 depicts, return messages carry back with them a map of the route they followed and how much capacity they were allocated on each span. Origin node 42 collects all the return messages. Thus, in this example, between origin node 42 and tandem node 44, four links were allocated between origin node 42 and node 208. Tandem node 208 was allocated ten links to tandem node 210. Tandem node 210 is allocated three links, with tandem node 17. And tandem node 17 is allocated seven links with tandem node 44.

The next phase in the first iteration of the process of the present invention is the maxflow phase. The maxflow is a one-step phase and, as FIG. 24 depicts, for example, is the seventh step of the first iteration. All of the work in the maxflow phase for the present embodiment occurs at origin node 42. At the start of the maxflow phase, each origin node has a model of part of the network. This is the part that has been allocated to the respective origin/destination pair by the tandem nodes.

FIG. 25 illustrates that within origin node 42 is restoration subnetwork model 214, which shows what part of restoration subnetwork 40 has been allocated to the origin node 42-destination node 48 pair. In particular, model 214 shows that eight links have been allocated between origin node 42 and tandem node 46, and that eleven links have been allocated between tandem node 46 and destination node 48. Model 214 further shows that a possible three links may be allocated between tandem node 46 and tandem node 186.

As FIG. 26 depicts, therefore, in the maxflow phase 142 of the present embodiment, origin node 42 calculates alternate paths through restoration subnetwork 40. This is done using a maxflow algorithm. The maxflow output of FIG. 26, therefore, is a flow matrix indicating the desired flow of traffic between origin node 42 and destination node 48. Note that the maxflow output uses neither tandem node 44 nor tandem node 188.

FIG. 27 illustrates a breadth-first search that maxflow phase 142 uses to find routes through the maxflow phase output. In the example in FIG. 27, the first route allocates two units, first from origin node 42, then to tandem node 186, then to tandem node 46, and finally to destination node 48. A second route allocates three units, first from origin node 42 to tandem node 186, and finally to destination node 48. A third route allocates eight units, first from origin node 42 to tandem node 46. From tandem node 46, these eight units go to destination node 48.

The last phase in the first iteration in the process of the present embodiment includes connect phase 144. For the example herein described, connect phase includes steps 8 through 13 of the first iteration, here having reference numerals 150, 152, 154, 156, 220 and 222, respectively. The connect phase is loosely synchronized, as previously described, such that each connect message moves one hop in one step. Connect phase 144 overlaps explore Phase 162 of each subsequent next iteration, except in the instance of the last iteration. Connect phase 144 distributes information about what connections need to be made from, for example, origin node 42 through tandem nodes 46 and 186, to reach destination node 48.

In connect phase 144, messages flow along the same routes as identified during maxflow phase 142. Thus, as FIG. 29 suggests, a first message, Ml, flows from origin node 42 through tandem node 186, through tandem node 46 and finally to destination node 48, indicating the connection for two units. Similarly, a second message, M2, flows from origin node 42 through tandem node 186 and then directly to destination node 48, for connecting a three-unit flow path. Finally, a third connect message, M3, emanates from origin node 42 through tandem node 46, and then the destination node 48 for allocating eight units. Connect phase 144 is synchronized so that each step in a message travels one hop.

For implementing the process of the present invention in an existing or operational network, numerous extensions are required. These extensions take into consideration the existence of hybrid networks, wherein some nodes have both SONET and DS-3connections. Moreover, the present invention provides different priorities for working paths and different qualities for spare links. Fault isolation presents a particular challenge in operating or existing environments, that the present invention addresses. Restricted reuse and spare links connected into paths are additional features that the present invention provides. Inhibit functions such as path-inhibit and node-inhibit are additional features to the present invention. The present invention also provides features that interface with existing restoration processes and systems, such as coordination with an existing restoration algorithm and process or similar system. To ensure the proper operation of the present invention, the present embodiment provides an exerciser function for exercising or simulating a restoration process, without making the actual connections for subnetwork restoration. Other features of the present implementation further include a drop-dead timer, and an emergency shutdown feature to control or limit restoration subnetwork malfunctions. Additionally, the present invention handles real life situations such as glass-throughs and staggered cuts that exist in communications networks. Still further features of the present embodiment include a hold-off trigger, as well as mechanisms for hop count and software revision checking, and a step timer to ensure proper operation.

FIGS. 30 through 33 illustrate how the present embodiment addresses the hybrid networks. A hybrid network is a combination of asynchronous and SONET links. Restrictions in the way that the present invention handles hybrid networks include that all working paths must either be SONET paths with other than DS-3 loading, or DS-3 over asynchronous and SONET working paths with DS-3 access/egress ports. Otherwise, sending path verification messages within the restoration subnetwork 40, for example, may not be practical. Referring to FIGS. 30 and 31, restoration subnetwork 40 may include SONET origin A/E port 42, that connects through SONET tandem port 44, through sonnet tandem port 46 and finally to sonnet destination A/E port 48. In FIG. 31, origin A/E port 42 is a DS-3 port, with tandem port 44 being a sonnet node, and tandem port 46 being a DS-3 port, for example. Port 106 of destination node 48 is a DS-3 port. In a hybrid network, during the explore phase, origin node 42 requests different types of capacity. In the return phase, tandem nodes 44, 46 allocate different types of capacity.

An important aspect of connect phase 144 is properly communicating in the connect message the type of traffic that needs to be connected. This includes, as mentioned before, routing DS-3s, STS-1s, OC-3s, and OC-12Cs, for example. There is the need to keep track of all of the implementation details for the different types of traffic. For this purpose, the present invention provides different priorities of working paths and different qualities of spare links. With the present embodiment of the invention, working traffic is prioritized between high priority and low priority working traffic.

SONET traffic includes other rules to address as well. For instance, a SONET path may include an OC-3 port, which is basically three STS-1 ports, with an STS-1 representing the SONET equivalent of a DS-3 port. Thus, an OC-3 node can carry the same traffic as can three STS-1. An OC-3 node can also carry the same traffic as three DS-3s or any combination of three STS-1 and DS-3 nodes. In addition, an OC-3 node may carry the same traffic as an STS-3. So, an OC-3 port can carry the same traffic as three DS-3, three STS-1, or one OC-3. Then, an OC-12 may carry an OC-12C. It may also carry the same traffic as up to four OC-3 ports, up to 12 STS-1 ports, or up to twelve DS-3 ports. With all of the possible combinations, it is important to make sure that the large capacity channels flow through the greatest capacity at first.

An important aspect of the present invention, therefore, is its ability to service hybrid networks. A hybrid network is a network that includes both SONET and asynchronous links, such as DS-3 links. The present invention provides restoration of restoration subnetwork 40 that may include both types of links. The SONET standard provides that SONET traffic is backward compatible to DS-3 traffic. Thus, a SONET link may include a DS-3 signal inside it. A restoration subnetwork that includes both SONET and DS-3 can flow DS-3-signals, provided that both the origin A/E port 42 and the destination A/E port 48 are DS-3 ports. If this were not the case, there would be no way to send path verification messages 104 within restoration subnetwork 40.

As with pure networks, with hybrid networks, explore messages request capacity for network restoration. These messages specify what kind of capacity that is necessary. It is important to determine whether DS-3 capacity or SONET capacity is needed. Moreover, because there are different types of SONET links, there is the need to identify the different types of format of SONET that are needed. In the return phase, tandem nodes allocate capacity to origin-destination pairs. Accordingly, they must be aware of the type of spares that are available in the span. There are DS-3 spares and SONET spares. Capacity may be allocated knowing which type of spares are available. There is the need, therefore, in performing the explore and return phases, to add extensions that allow for different kinds of capacity. The explore message of the present invention, therefore, contains a request for capacity and decides how many DS-3s and how many SONET links are necessary. There could be the need for an STS-1, an STS-3C, or an STS-12C, for example. Moreover, in the return phase it is necessary to include in the return message the information that there is more than one kind of capacity in the network. When traffic routes through the network it must be aware of these rules. For instance, a DS-3 failed working link can be carried by a SONET link, but not vice versa. In other words, a DS-3 cannot carry a SONET failed working path.

FIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate this feature. For example, referring to FIG. 32, origin node 42 may generate explore message to tandem node 44 requesting five DS-3s, three STS-1s, two STS-3(c)s, and one STS-12(c)s. As FIG. 33 depicts, from the return phase, origin node 42 receives return message from tandem node 44, informing origin node 42 that it received five DS-3s, one STS-1, one STS-3(c), and no STS-12s.

For a hybrid restoration subnetwork 40, and in the maxflow phase, the present invention first routes OC-12C failed working capacity over OC-12 spare links. Then, the max flow phase routes OC-3C, failed working capacity, over OC-12 and OC-3 spare links. Next, the present embodiment routes STS-1 failed working links over OC-12, OC-3 and STS-1 spare links. Finally, the max flow phase routes DS-3 failed working links over OC-12, OC-3, STS-1, and DS-3 spare links. In the connect phase, the restoration subnetwork of the present invention responds to hybrid network in a manner so that tandem nodes get instructions to cross-connect more than one kind of traffic.

FIG. 34 relates to the property of the present invention of assigning different priorities for working paths, and different qualities for spare links. The present embodiment of the invention includes 32 levels of priority for working paths; priority configurations occur at origin node 42, for example. Moreover, the preferred embodiment provides four levels of quality for spare links, such as the following. A SONET 1 for N protected spare link on a span that has no failed links has the highest quality. The next highest quality is a SONET 1 for N protect port on a span that has no failed links. The next highest quality is a SONET 1 for N protected port on the span that has a failed link. The lowest quality is a SONET 1-for-N protect port on a span that has a failed link.

With this configuration, different priorities relate to working paths, and different qualities for spare links. At some stages of employing the present process, the feature of priority working paths and different quality spare links for some uses of the present process, it is possible to simplify the different levels of priority and different levels of quality into simply high and low. For example, high priority working links may be those having priorities 1 through 16, while low priority working links are those having priorities 17 through 32. High quality spares may be, for example, quality 1 spares, low quality spares may be those having qualities 2 through 4.

With the varying priority and quality assignments, the present invention may provide a method for restoring traffic through the restoration subnetwork. For example, the present invention may first try to restore high priority failed working links on high-quality spare links, and do this as fast as possible. Next, restoring high-quality failed working links on low-quality spares may occur. Restoring low-priority failed working paths on low-quality spare links occurs next. Finally, restoring low priority failed working paths on high quality spare links.

To achieve this functionality, the present invention adds an extra iteration at the end of normal iterations. The extra iteration has the same number of steps as the iteration before it. Its function, however, is to address the priorities for working paths and qualities for spare links. Referring to FIG. 34, during normal iterations, the present invention will restore high priority working paths over high-quality spare links. During the extra iteration, as the invention restores high-priority working paths over low-quality spare links, then low-priority working paths over low-quality spare links, and finally low-priority working paths over high-quality spare links. This involves running the max flow algorithm additional times.

The network restoration process of the present invention, including the explore, return, and connect messaging phases may be repeated more than once in response to a single failure episode with progressively greater hop count limits. The first set of iterations are confined in restoring only high priority traffic. Subsequent or extra iterations may be used seek to restore whatever remains of lesser priority traffic. This approach give high priority traffic a preference in terms of path length.

FIGS. 35-37 provide illustrations for describing in more detail how the present invention handles fault isolation. Referring to FIG. 35, between tandem notes 44 and 46 appear spare link 92. Between custodial nodes 62 and 64 are working link 18 having failure 66 and spare link 196. If a spare link, such as spare link 196, is on a span, such as span 38 that has a failed working link, that spare link has a lower quality than does a spare link, such as spare link 92 on a span that has no failed links. In FIG. 35, spare link 92 between tandem notes 46 and 48 is part of a span that includes no failed link. In this example, therefore, spare link 92 has a higher quality than does spare link 196.

Within each node, a particular order is prescribed for sorting lists of spare ports and lists of paths to restore. This accomplishes both consistent mapping and preferential assignment of highest priority to highest quality restoration paths. Specifically, spare ports are sorted first by type (i.e., bandwidth for STS-12, STS-3, then by quality and thirdly by port label numbers. Paths to be restored are sorted primarily by type and secondarily by an assigned priority value. This quality of a given restoration path is limited by the lowest quality link along the path.

In addition to these sorting orders, a process is performed upon these lists in multiple passes to assign traffic to spare ports while making best use of high capacity, high-quality resources. This includes, for example, stuffing high priority STS-1's onto any STS-12's that are left after all other STS-12 and STS-3 traffic has been assigned.

Rules determine the proper way of handling different priorities of working paths and different qualities of spares in performing the restoration process. In our embodiment of the invention, there may be, for example, 32 priority levels. The working traffic priority may depend on business-related issues, such as who is the customer, how much money did the customer pay for communications service, what is the nature of the traffic. Higher priority working channels are more expensive than are lower priority channels. For example, working are assigned priorities according to these types of considerations. Predetermined configuration information of this type may be stored in the origin node of the restoration subnetwork. Thus, for every path in the origin node priority information is stored. Although functionally there is no difference between a high priority working path and lower priority working path, though higher priority working paths will have their traffic restored first and lower priority working paths will be restored later.

The present embodiment includes four qualities of spare links. Spare link quality has to do with two factors. A link may either be protected or nonprotected by other protection schemes. In light of the priorities of failed working paths and the quality of spare links, the present invention uses certain rules. The first rule is to attempt to restore the higher priority failed working paths on the highest quality spare links. The next rule is to restore high quality failed working paths on both high quality and low quality spares. The third rule is to restore low priority failed working paths on low quality spares. The last thing to do is to restore low priority working paths over high and low quality spares.

The present invention also it possible for a node to know when it is a custodial node. Because there are no keep-alive messages on working links, however, the custodial node does not know on what span the failed link resides. Thus, referring to FIG. 36, custodial node 64 knows that custodial node 62 is on the other end of spare link 196. The difficulty arises, however, in the ability for custodial nodes 62 and 64 to know that working link 18 having failure 66 and spare link 196 are on the same span, because neither custodial node 62 nor custodial node 64 knows on what span is working link 18.

FIG. 37 illustrates how the present embodiment overcomes this limitation. Custodial node 64, for example, sends a “I am custodial node” flag in the keep alive messages that it sends on spare links, such as to non-custodial tandem node 46. Also, custodial node 64 and custodial node 62 both send “I am custodial node” flags on spare 196, to each other. In the event that the receiving non-custodial node, such as tandem node 46, is not itself a custodial node, then it may ignore the “I am custodial node”, flag. Otherwise, the receiving node determines that the failure is on the link between itself and the custodial node from which the receiving custodial node receives the “I am custodial node” flag.

There may be some limitations associated with this procedure, such as it may be fooled by “glass throughs” or spans that have no spares. However, the worst thing that could happen is that alternate path traffic may be placed on a span that has a failed link, i.e., a lower quality spare.

The present embodiment provides this functionality by the use of an “I am custodial node” flag that “piggybacks” the keep alive message. Recalling that a custodial node is a node on either side of a failed link, when the custodial node is identified, the “I am custodial node” flag is set. If the flag appears on a spare link, that means that the neighboring link is the custodial node. This means that the node is adjacent to a failure. If the node receiving the flag is also a custodial node, then the spare is on the span that contains the failed link. So, the custodial node that is sending the flag to the non-custodial node, but not getting it back from a non-custodial node a flag, this means that the spare link is not in a failed span.

FIGS. 38-42 illustrate the restricted re-use feature of the present invention. The present invention also includes a restricted re-use function. A recovered link relates to the feature of restricted re-use. Given a path with a failure in it, a recovered link may exist between two nodes. The recovered link is a good link but is on a path that has failed. FIG. 38 shows restoration subnetwork 40 that includes origin node 42 on link 18 and through custodial nodes 62 and 64 connects to destination node 48. Failure 66 exists between custodial nodes 62 and 64. The restricted re-use feature of the present invention involves what occurs with recovered links, such as recovered link 224.

With the present invention, there are at least three possible modes of re-use. One mode of re-use is simply no re-use. This prevents the use of recovered links to carry alternate path traffic. Another possible re-use mode is unrestricted re-use, which permits recovery links to carry alternate path traffic in any possible way. Still another re-use mode, and one that the present embodiment provides, is restricted re-use. Restricted re-use permits use of recovered links to carry alternate path traffic, but only the traffic they carry before the failure.

FIG. 39 illustrates the restricted re-use concept that the present invention employs. Link 18 enters origin node 42 and continues through tandem node 226 on link 228 and 230 through custodial node 64 through recovered link 48.

Restricted re-use includes modifications to the explore and return phases of the present invention wherein the process determines where recovered links are in the network. The process finds the recovered links and sends this information to the origin node. The origin node collects information about where the recovered links are in the network to develop a map of the recovered links in the restoration subnetwork. The tandem nodes send information directly to the origin node via the wide are network about where the re-use links are.

FIGS. 40 through 42 illustrate how the present embodiment achieves restricted re-use. Referring to restoration subnetwork portion 40 in FIG. 40, origin node 42 connects through tandem node 44 via link 78, to tandem node 46 via link 82, to tandem node 186 via link 84, and to destination node 48 via link 190. Note that between tandem node 46 and tandem node 186 appears failures 66.

To implement restricted re-use in the present embodiment, during the explore and return phases the origin node 42 will acquire a map of recovered links. Thus, as FIG. 40 shows within origin node 42, recovered links 232, 234, and 236 are stored in origin node 42. This map is created by sending in-band messages, re-use messages, during the explore phase, along recovered links from the custodial nodes to the origin and destination nodes, such as origin node 42 and destination node 48. Thus, as FIG. 41 illustrates, in the explore phase, reuse messages emanate from tandem node 46 to tandem node 44 and from there to origin node 42. From tandem node 186, the re-use message goes to destination node 48.

In the return phase, such as FIG. 42 depicts, the destination node sends the information that it has acquired through re-use messages to the origin node by piggybacking it on return messages. Thus, as shown in FIG. 42, designation node 48 sends on link 192 a return plus re-use message to tandem node 46. In response, tandem node 46 sends a return plus re-use message on link 76 to origin node 42.

With the restricted re-use feature and in the max flow phase, origin node 42 knows about recovered links and “pure” spare links. When the origin node runs the max flow algorithm, the recovered links are thrown in with the pure spare links. When the breadth-first-search is performed, the present invention does not mix recovered links from different failed working paths on the same alternate path.

Another feature of the present invention relates to spare links connected into paths. In the event of spare links being connected into paths, often these paths may have idle signals on them or a test signal. If a spare link has a test signal on it, it is not possible to distinguish it from a working path. In this instance, the present invention avoids using spare links with “working” signals on them

In the max flow phase, the origin has discovered what may be thought of as pure spare link. The origin node also receives information about recovered links, which the present invention limits to restricted re-use. In running the max flow algorithm during the max flow phase of the present process, the pure spare and recovered links and used to generate a restoration map of the restoration subnetwork, first irrespective of whether the links are pure, spare or recovered.

Another aspect of the present invention is the path inhibit function. FIGS. 43 and 44 illustrate the path inhibit features of the present invention. For a variety of reasons, it may be desirable to temporarily disable network restoration protection for a single port on a given node. It may be desirable, later, to turn restoration protection back on again without turning off the entire node. All that is desired, is to turn off one port and then be able to turn it back on again. This may be desirable when maintenance to a particular port is desired. When such maintenance occurs, it is desirable not to have the restoration process of the present invention automatically initiate. The present invention provides a way to turn off subnetwork restoration on a particular port. Thus, as FIG. 43 shows, origin node 42 includes path 2 to tandem node 44. Note that no link appears between node 42 and 44. This signifies that the restoration process of the present invention is inhibited along path 240 along origin node 42 and tandem node 44. Working path 242, on the other hand, exist between origin node 42 and tandem node 46. Link 76 indicates that the restoration process of the present invention is noninhibited along this path if it is subsequently restored.

During the path inhibit function, the process of the present invention inhibits restoration on a path by blocking the restoration process at the beginning of the explore phase. The origin node either does not send out an explore message at all or sends out an explore message that does not request capacity to restore the inhibited path. This is an instruction that goes to the origin node. Thus, during path inhibit, the process of the present invention is to inform origin node 42, for example, to inhibit restoration on a path by sending it a message via the associated wide area network.

Referring to FIG. 44, therefore, tandem node 46 sends a path inhibit message to origin node 42. Tandem node 46 receives, for example, a TLl command telling it to temporarily inhibit the restoration process on a port. It sends a message to origin node 42 for that path via wide area network as arrow 246 depicts.

Tandem node 46 sends inhibit path message 246 with knowledge of the Internet protocol address of its source node because it is part of the path verification message. There may be some protocol involved in performing this function. This purpose would be to cover the situation wherein one node fails while the path is inhibited.

Another feature of the present invention is that it permits the inhibiting of a node. With the node inhibit function, it is possible to temporarily inhibit the restoration process of the present invention on a given node. This may be done, for example, by a TLl command. A node continues to send its step-complete messages in this condition. Moreover, the exerciser function operates with the node in this condition.

To support the traditional field engineering use of node port test access and path loopback capabilities, the restoration process must be locally disabled so that any test signals and alarm conditions may be asserted without triggering restoration processing. According to this technique as applied to a given path, a port that is commanded into a test access, loopback, or DRA-disabled mode shall notify the origin node of the path to suppress DRA protection along the path. Additional provisions include automatic timeout of the disabled mode and automatic loopback detection/restoration algorithm suppression when a port receives an in-band signal bearing its own local node ID.

Direct node-node communications are accomplished through a dedicated Wide Area Network. This approach bypasses the use of existing in-band and out-of-band call processing signaling and network control links for a significant advantage in speed and simplicity. In addition, the WAN approach offers robustness by diversity.

A triggering mechanism for distributed restoration process applies a validation timer to each of a collection of alarm inputs, keeps a count of the number of validated alarms at any point in time, and generates a trigger output whenever the count exceeds a preset threshold value. This approach reduces false or premature DRA triggering and gives automatic protect switching a chance to restore individual link failures.

It also allows for localizing tuning of trigger sensitivity based on quantity and coincidence of multiple alarms.

The preferred embodiment provides a step Completion Timer in Synchronous DRA. For each DRA process initiated within a network node, logic is provided for automatically terminating the local DRA process whenever step completion messages are not received within a certain period of time as monitored by a failsafe timer. Other causes for ending the process are loss of keep alive signals through an Inter-node WAN link, normal completion of final DRA iteration, consumption of all available spare ports, or an operation support system override command.

Another aspect of the present invention is a method for Handling Staggered Failure Events in DRA. In a protected subnetwork, an initial link failure, or a set of nearly simultaneous failures, trigger a sequence of DRA processing phases involving message flow through the network. Other cuts that occur during messaging may similarly start restoration processing and create confusion and unmanageable contentions for spare resources. The present technique offers an improvement over known methods. In particular, during explore and return messaging phases, any subsequent cuts that occur are “queued” until the next Explore phase. Furthermore, in a multiple iteration approach, Explore messaging for new cuts is withheld while a final Explore/Return/Connect iteration occurs in response to a previous cut. These late-breaking held over cuts effectively result in a new, separate invocation of the DPA process.

The present invention includes failure notification messages that include information about the software revision and hop count table contents that are presumed to be equivalent among all nodes. Any nodes that receive such messages and find that the local software revision or hop count table contents disagree with those of the incoming failure notification message shall render themselves ineligible to perform further DRA processing. However, a node that notices a mismatch and disable DPA locally will still continue to propagate subsequent failure notification messages.

The present invention provides a way to Audit restoration process data within nodes that include asserting and verifying the contents of data tables within all of the nodes in a restoration-protected network. In particular, such data may contain provisioned values such as node id, WAN addresses, hop count sequence table, and defect threshold. The method includes having the operations support system disable the restoration process nodes, write and verify provisionable data contents at each node, then re-enabling the restoration process when all nodes have correct data tables.

In a data transport network that uses a distributed restoration approach, a failure simulation can be executed within the network without disrupting normal traffic. This process includes an initial broadcast of a description of the failure scenario, modified DRA messages that indicate they are “exercise only” messages, and logic within the nodes that allows the exercise to be aborted if a real failure event occurs during the simulation.

Another aspect of the present invention is the ability to coordinate with other restoration processes such as, for example, the RTR restoration system. With the present invention, this becomes a challenge because the port that is protected by the restoration process of the present invention is often also protected by other network restoration algorithms.

Another aspect of the present invention is the exerciser function. The exerciser function for the restoration process of the present invention has two purposes. one is a sanity check to make sure that the restoration process is operating properly. The other is an exercise for capacity planning to determine what the restoration process would do in the event of a link failure. With the present invention, the exerciser function operates the same software as does the restoration process during subnetwork restoration, but with one exception. During the exerciser function, connections are not made. Thus, when it comes time to make a connection, the connection is just not made.

With the exerciser function, essentially the same reports occur as would occur in the event of a link failure. Unfortunately, because of restrictions to inband signaling, there are some messages that may not be exchanged during exercise that would be exchanged during a real event. For that reason, during the exercise function it is necessary to provide the information that is in these untransmittable messages. However, this permits the desired exerciser function.

Another aspect of the present invention is a dropdead timer and emergency shut down. The drop-dead timer and emergency shut down protect against bugs or defects in the software. If the restoration process of the present invention malfunctions due to a software problem, and the instructions become bound and aloof, it is necessary to free the restoration subnetwork. The dropdead timer and emergency shut down provide these features. The drop-dead timer is actuated in the event that a certain maximum allowed amount of time in the restoration process occurs. By establishing a maximum operational time the restoration network can operate for 30 seconds, for example, but no more. If the 30 second point occurs, the restoration process turns off.

An emergency shut down is similar to a drop-dead timer, but is manually initiated. For example, with the present invention, it is possible to enter a TLl command to shut down the restoration process. The emergency shut down feature, therefore, provides another degree of protection to compliment the drop dead timer.

Out-of-band signaling permits messages to be delivered over any communication channel that is available. For this purpose, the present invention uses a restoration process wide area network. For purposes of the present invention, several messages get sent out of band. These include the explore message, the return message, the connect message, the step complete message, as well as a message known as the exercise message which has to do with an exerciser feature of the present invention. The wide area network of the present invention operates under the TCP/IP protocol, but other protocols and other wide area networks may be employed. In order to use the wide area network in practicing the present invention, there is the need for us to obtain access to the network. For the present invention, access to the wide area network is through two local area network Ethernet ports. The two Ethernet ports permit communication with the wide area network. In the present embodiment of the invention, the Ethernet is half duplex, in the sense that the restoration subnetwork sends data in one direction on one Ethernet while information flows to the restoration subnetwork in the other direction on the other Ethernet port. The wide area network of the present invention includes a backbone which provides the high bandwidth portion of the wide area network. The backbone includes the same network that the restoration subnetwork protects. Thus, the failure in the restoration subnetwork could potentially cut the wide area network. This may make it more fragile.

Accordingly, there may be more attractive wide area networks to use with the present invention. For example, it may be possible to use spare capacity as the wide area network. In other words, there may be spare capacity in the network which could be used to build the wide area network itself. This may provide the necessary signal flows to the above-mentioned types of messages. With the present invention, making connections through the wide area network is done automatically.

For the cross-connects of the present invention, there is a control system that includes a number of computers within the cross-connect switch. The crossconnect may include possibly hundreds of computers. These computers connect in the hierarchy in three levels in the present embodiment. The computers that perform processor-intensive operations appear at the bottom layer or layer 3. Another layer of computers may control, for example, a shelf of cards. These computers occupy layer 2. The layer 1 computers control the layer 2 computers.

The computers at layer 1 perform the instructions of the restoration process of the present invention. This computer may be centralized in the specific shelf where all layer 1 computers are in one place together with the computer executing the restoration process instructions. Because the computer performing the restoration process of the present invention is a layer 1 computer, it is not possible for the computer itself to send in-band messages. If there is the desire to send an in-band message, that message is sent via a layer 3 computer. This is because the layer 3 computer controls the local card that includes the cable to which it connects. Accordingly, in-band messages are generally sent and received by layer 2 and/or layer 3 computers, and are not sent by layer 1 computers, such as the one operating the restoration instructions for the process of the present invention.

Fault isolation also occurs at layer 2 and layer 3 computers within the cross-connects. This is because fault isolation involves changing the signals in the optical fibers. This must be done by machines at lower layers. Moreover, a port, which could be a DS-3 port or a SONET port, has a state in the lower layer processors keep track of the port state. In essence, therefore, there is a division of labor between layer 2 and 3 computers and the layer 1 computer performing the instructions for the restoration process of the present invention.

With reference to FIG. 45, a Digital Service 3 (DS3) path that connects node 301 to node 306 of a distributed restoration domain of a telecommunications network is shown. For the sake of simplicity, no other nodes of the network, or the domain, are shown. As is well known, in a DRA network, when a fault occurs at a link interconnecting two adjacent nodes, an alarm is generated and sent to each of the adjacent nodes. Such a fault, or a malfunctioned link, is shown to have occurred as a failure between nodes 303 and 304 in FIG. 45. This failure may be due to, for example, a loss of signal (LOS), a loss of frame (LOF), or a loss of pointer (LOP) in the signal traversing between nodes 303 and 304. For the discussion of the instant invention, assume such an alarm signal is an alarm indication signal (AIS).

In the prior art, each of the nodes of a distributed restoration network, or domain, is provisioned to follow the standard set forth in the Bellcore document TR-NWT-00170 which mandates that each node downstream of the custodial nodes, such as nodes 303 and 304, upon receipt of the AIS signal, in turn should propagate the signal to nodes downstream thereof. Thus, in the illustrated FIG. 45, upon receipt of the AIS signal, node 303 propagates the AIS signal to node 302, which in turn propagates it to node 301, which in turn propagates it along the DS3 path to nodes downstream thereof. The same flow of the AIS signal received by node 304 occurs with respect to node 304, node 305 and node 306. For the FIG. 45 embodiment, assume node 301 and node 306 are access/egress ports each communicatively interconnecting the distributed restoration domain to other parts of the telecommunications network, or other networks in the case where the distributed restoration domain is not any part of any network.

The problem with the prior art distributed restoration domain is that since most, if not all, of the nodes of the domain will eventually receive the AIS signal, it is quite difficult, if not impossible, for the nodes to determine which are the true custodial nodes, i.e. the nodes that bracket or sandwich the fault. Thus, even though the management of the network recognizes readily that a fault has occurred at a certain path, it nonetheless could not isolate the precise location where the fault occurred.

The present invention is applicable to networks incorporating digital cross-connect systems generally, and particularly to networks incorporating broadband 1633-SX digital cross-connect switches. FIG. 46 illustrates one embodiment of the present invention in which a fault, or a malfunctioned link, could be readily isolated. For the FIG. 46 illustration, note that each of the nodes 301-306 is connected to an operations support system 10, which monitors the operational status of each of the nodes. Similar to the scenario shown in FIG. 45, a fault is presupposed to have occurred between node 303 and node 304. At the time of the link failure, node 303 and node 304, each of which being a digital cross connect switch such as that shown in FIG. 51, detects either a LOS defect, a LOF defect, or an AIS defect signal, each defined by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) standard T1.231. For ease of discussion, assume that an AIS signal is detected. When a switch, such as node 303 or node 304, detects an AIS signal, normally it would propagate or pass the AIS signal downstream to the next switch along the path such as node 302 or node 305, respectively.

In the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 46, each of the switches or nodes is an intelligent network element provisioned with the appropriate hardware to convert or modify a received AIS signal into a modified AIS signal, before propagating such non-alarm signal to nodes downstream thereof. For the FIG. 46 embodiment, such non-alarm signal is a DS3 idle signal. Thus, with respect to node 303 and node 304, note that when each of those nodes receives the AIS signal, it converts the received AIS signal into an idle signal and propagates the idle signal to node(s) downstream from its output port. For the present invention embodiment, the DS3 idle signal contains an embedded message on the C bit maintenance channel that identifies the presence of a fault within the distributed restoration domain.

Upon receipt of an idle signal converted from an AIS signal, each of the downstream nodes either transmits or propagates the idle signal to nodes downstream therefrom. Thus, node 302. passes the idle signal received at its input port, via its output port, to node 301. Similarly, node 305, on receiving an idle signal from node 304 at its input port, would transmit the idle signal from its output port to node 306. This process is repeated ad infinitum until the idle signal reaches the access/egress nodes that interconnect the distributed restoration domain to the rest of the network.

Thus, for the exemplar embodiment of FIG. 46, given that only node 303 and node 304 are in receipt of an AIS signal, the management of the distributed restoration domain, per monitoring of the domain by OSS 310, can readily ascertain that the fault occurred between node 303 and node 304, and that traffic should be rerouted away from the malfunctioned link connecting nodes 303 and 304.

As for the network outside of the distributed restoration domain, since such network is not capable of distributedly restoring disrupted traffic and is also in most instances not controlled by the management of the domain, the idle signal has to be reconverted back into the AIS signal so that, as far as the equipment positioned along the paths of the outside network is concerned, an alarm has occurred somewhere within the distributed restoration domain and that appropriate action needs to be taken. To achieve this end, at each of the access/egress nodes of the domain, there is further provisioned the functionality of reconverting an idle signal received at its input port into an AIS signal to be sent via its output port to the nodes downstream thereof in the network outside of the distributed restoration domain. With the conversion of the idle signal back to the AIS signal at the access/egress nodes, customers or equipment outside of the distributed restoration domain continue to receive standards compliant AIS signals.

The process by which an alarm signal is converted into a non-alarm signal, i.e. the AIS signal into an idle signal, is explained herein with reference to FIG. 47, which shows a DS3 frame structure, in accordance with the format promulgated under ANSI Standard T1.107-95 for example. In particular, a DS3 signal is partitioned into M-frames of 4760 bits each. The M-frames each are divided into 7 M-subframes each having 680 bits. Each M-subframe in turn is further divided into 8 blocks of 85 bits with 84 of the 85 bits available for payload and one bit used for frame overhead. Thus, there are 56 frame overhead bits in a M-frame. These are divided into a number of different channels: an M-frame alignment channel (M1, M2, and M3), a M-subframe alignment channel (F1, F2, F3 and F4), a P-bit channel (P1 and P2), an X-bit channel (X1 and X2), and a C-bit channel (C1, C2 and C3).

The M-frame alignment channel signal is used to locate all 7 M-frames. The M-subframe alignment channel signal is used to identify all frame overhead bit positions. The P-bit channel is used for performance monitoring, with bits P1 and P2 being set to 11 or 00. The C-bit channel bit (C1, C2 and C3) positions are reserved for applications specific uses. According to the ANSI T1.107-95 Standard, the C-bit channel can be employed to denote the presence or absence of stuffed bits. Thus, if the 3 C-bits (C1, C2, and C3) in the M-subframes are set to 1, stuffing occurs. If those C-bits are set to 0, there is no stuffing. Also, a majority vote of the three stuffing bits in each of the M-subframes is used for the determination. Additional description of the various bits, the M-subframes and M-frame of a DS3 signal can be gleaned from the aforenoted T1.107-95 Standard.

To convert an AIS signal into an idle signal with an embedded message, the inventors seize upon the fact that the 3 C-bits in M-subframe 5 are typically used and set to 0.1 but are allowed by ANSI T1.107 for use as a datalink. Thus, by changing at least one of those C-bits in M-subframe 5, the digital cross-connect switch, i.e. the node, can transmit an embedded message within an otherwise standard idle signal. For example, when AIS signal is detected at the node, due to a fault or malfunction having occurred at a link adjacent to the node, according to the present invention, the node converts the AIS signal to an idle signal by blocking the AIS received so that it does not pass through the node and instead transmitting OS3 idle signal as defined by ANSI T1.107-95 in its place. At the same time, the node begins transmitting an embedded message by changing the 3 C-bits in M-subframe 5 of the idle signal. Thus, what is output from the node is an idle signal with a changed C-bit.

To the nodes downstream of the custodial nodes, for example nodes 302 and 305, the detected incoming idle signal, even though it contains all the conventional attributes of a standard idle AIS signal, nonetheless has an embedded message or change to it due to the change of the state of at least one of the C-bits, so that those nodes are put on notice that that idle signal contains a message not found in a standard signal. And when this idle signal with the changed C-bit is propagated to an access/egress port such as node 301, in sensing this unconventional idle signal, node 301 will reconvert the idle signal back into an AIS signal for propagation to the nodes outside the distributed restoration domain. This is in contrast to the access/egress node having received a conventional AIS or idle signal, in which case the same AIS or idle signal is propagated to nodes downstream thereof outside the distributed restoration domain.

Thus, with the present invention, given that any node within the distributed restoration domain, in receipt of an AIS signal, would convert the same into an idle signal with a changed C-bit(s), there are at most only two nodes within the distributed restoration domain that would detect an AIS signal. These two nodes obviously must be adjacent nodes that are connected by the malfunctioned link from where the alarm signal originated. With that in mind and with the continuous monitoring of all of the nodes of the distributed restoration domain by OSS 310, the isolation of a fault in the distributed restoration domain is easily accomplished.

If a fault occurs in the network outside of the distributed restoration domain, the AIS signal generated as a result of the fault would enter the distributed restoration domain at any one of its access/egress nodes. These nodes that interconnect the domain to the outside network are provisioned such that any incoming alarm signal is converted to a nonalarm signal to be propagated to the other nodes within the distributed restoration domain. As before, in the case of an AIS signal, the access/egress node would convert the AIS signal into an idle signal with an embedded message of at least one changed C-bit so that this converted idle signal is routed throughout the distributed restoration domain, until it reaches another access/egress node that interconnects the distributed restoration domain to the outside network at another end of the domain. At which time the second access/egress node, upon sensing the idle plus changed C-bit signal, would reconvert that signal back into an AIS signal and propagate it to nodes downstream thereof outside of the distributed restoration domain. With this conversion and reconversion of an AIS signal into the distributed restoration domain, the management of the domain becomes aware that a fault has occurred in the telecommunications network, but outside of its domain.

FIG. 48 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention in which the nodes of a distributed restoration domain are interconnected by optical fibers. The same discussion with respect to the FIG. 47 embodiment is equally applicable herein but for the fact that a different type of signal, namely a SONET STS-n type signal, is transmitted among the nodes of the domain and the telecommunications network to which the domain is interconnected. For this type of STS-n signal, in the event of a link failure, the custodial cross-connect switches on either side of the malfunctioned link would detect one of the following conditions: loss of signal (LOS), loss of frame (LOF), an alarm indication signal-line (AIS-L), a path loss of pointer (LOP-P) and a path AIS (AIS-P). All of these various defect signals are referenced in the ANSI T1.231 Standard.

As with the asynchronous scenario discussed above with reference to FIGS. 46 and 47, the STS-path AIS signal will propagate throughout the. network when a SONET link fails, and the same process of conversion and reconversion as discussed above takes place in the FIG. 48 embodiment. But instead of the format shown in FIG. 47, a STS-n frame format, such as the STS-3 frame shown in FIG. 49, is used. And instead of the C-bit, for the STS-n type format, the inventors found that the bits that can be manipulated are the Z5 bits in the payload section of the STS-n format, for example the STS-3 format of FIG. 49. As was done with the DS3 format shown in FIG. 47, by changing the state of one of the Z5 bits, the custodial nodes can convert the detected AIS signal into an idle signal with a changed Z5 bit. When this changed idle signal reaches the access/egress node of the distributed restoration domain, it in turn is reconverted back into an AIS signal and propagated to nodes outside the domain.

FIG. 50 is a logical diagram illustrating the various layers of processing that take place in a digital cross-connect switch. For example, an AIS signal is fed to the input port, and specifically a port card 312 a in layer 3, or level 3, that performs the basic lower-level functions such as detecting an incoming signal and whether that signal is an alarm or not. The signal is then provided to a shelf processor 314 a in layer 2 that performs other processing functions. In the event that an idle signal with a C bit message, i.e. one of the C bits in one of the subframes having been changed, comes onto port card 12 b, the contents of the C bit message are dropped at the port card level and the message is sent to the shelf processor 314 b at level 2 and then routed to a DRA processor 316 so that a decision can be made as to which port the message is to be output. The C bit message is also routed to the administrative processor 318 which, together with DRA processor 316, accesses the appropriate database (not shown) to obtain information on the particular port and the card in the cross-connect switch to which the signal is to be ultimately routed, so that the signal is routed to the appropriate input port in the cross-connect switch downstream of the node. The reverse operations occur with an input of an AIS signal in the FIG. 50 logical diagram.

An exemplar node of the-instant invention is illustrated in FIG. 51. As shown, a number of transceiver units 320 are connected to a digital cross-connect switch 322 by way of demultiplexers 324 and multiplexers 326. The transceiver units 320 each are connected to an alarm processor 328, a restoration signal sensor 330 and a restoration signal generator 332. The alarm processor 328, restoration signal sensor 330 and restoration signal generator 332 are connected to the processor of the node 334. The operation of the cross-connect switch 322 is of course controlled by node processor 334.

Within each transceiver units 320 there is a signal transceiver detector 336 which is in communication with a frame receive unit 338 and a frame transmitter unit 340. Frame receive unit 338 in turn is connected to a converter 342, while frame transmitter unit is connected to a converter 344. Since each of the transceiver units 320 contains the same components and operates in the same way, only the operation of one of the transceiver units 320 is discussed hereinbelow.

In receipt of a signal, signal transceiver detector 336 determines whether the signal is an alarm signal or other types of signal. If the input signal is indeed an alarm signal, signal transceiver detector 336 first signals alarm processor 338 via interface 336 and then routes the signal to frame receive unit 338. There the signal is parsed and forwarded to converter 342 so that the alarm signal is converted into the non-alarm signal, with the state of the appropriate C bit(s) being changed, if it is a DS3 system. A signal is also forwarded to the restoration signal sensor 330, to be further transmitted to the node processor 334.

The non-alarm signal is then forwarded to demultiplexer 324 and then the digital cross connect switch 322. With the appropriate determination from node processor 334, the appropriate port in the node through which the non-alarm signal is to be output to the downstream nodes is selected so that the non-alarm signal is provided to multiplexer 326 and then to converter 344, if further conversion is required. The non-alarm signal is then provided to frame transmit unit 340 and the signal transceiver detector 336 and provided to the appropriate port for output to downstream nodes.

Note that the node shown in FIG. 51 is also provisioned as an access/egress node so that in the event that a signal input thereto is outside the distributed restoration domain, that signal, if indeed it is an AIS signal, is converted into an idle signal with a changed C bit message and propagated to the nodes downstream thereof within the distributed restoration domain until it reaches an access/egress node at the other end of the domain. At which time the idle signal with the changed C bit message is reconverted back into an AIS signal and propagated to the nodes outside the distributed restoration domain. For an in depth discussion of a node and its various units for receiving and transmitting signals therefrom in a SONET environment, the reader is directed to U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,471, the disclosure of which being incorporated by reference herein.

FIG. 52 is a diagram illustrating the respective statuses of the various signals both within the distributed restoration domain of a DS3 system and outside of the domain. Specifically, note that outside of the distributed restoration domain, the types of ports that are being used are both nonDRA and that, insofar as the management of the distributed restoration domain is concerned, no attention needs to be paid to the input and output signals. See the first row of blocks designated 350. At the DRA access port for an access/egress node, with an input signal being an AIS signal, the signal being output becomes an idle signal with a changed C bit message. See row 352 a. If the signal to the DRA access input port is an idle signal, however, an idle signal is output from the node. See row 352 b. For the same access node, there should not be any idle plus C bit message inputting from outside of the distributed restoration domain. Accordingly, there is no output signal from the access node shown in row 352 c of FIG. 52.

Focus now to the egress side of an access/egress node of the distributed restoration domain, as shown in rows 354 of FIG. 52. There, upon receipt of an AIS signal from within the domain means, that AIS signal needs to be provided to the nodes outside of the domain, as indicated at row 354 a. This of course means that the node within the distributed restoration domain that is adjacent to the access/egress node likewise would receive an AIS signal, and that the fault should be isolated to the link that connects the access/egress node to its adjacent node within the domain. At row 354 b, note that, similar to row 354 a, if an idle signal is provided to the access/egress from within the domain, an idle signal is output from the access/egress node to the nodes outside the domain. At row 354 c, note that if an idle signal with a changed C bit message is received at the access/egress node from within the restoration domain, the access/egress node will reconvert this previously converted alarm signal back into an AIS signal, and will propagate the AIS signal to nodes downstream thereof outside of the distributed restoration domain.

Row 356 of FIG. 52 illustrates the input and output signals of a node other than an access/egress node within the distributed restoration domain. As shown in row 356 a, if the DRA provisioned node were to receive an AIS signal, then byway of the processing discussed earlier, this AIS signal is converted into an idle signal with a changed C bit message. On the other hand, if the node were to receive an idle signal, then nothing is to be done, as the same idle signal is output from the node and propagated to nodes downstream thereof. See row 356 b. Similarly, per row 3 s 56 c, note that if an idle signal with a changed C bit message is received by the node, the same idle signal with the changed C bit message is sent to nodes downstream thereof. Thus, the only time a node within the distributed restoration domain performs a conversion process is when it receives an alarm signal, such as the AIS signal. Putting it differently, the only time that it converts an AIS signal into an idle signal is when a link connected thereto becomes defective. Thus, by locating the adjacent pair of nodes within the distributed restoration domain each of which has detected an alarm signal, default within the domain is easily located.

Even though the discussion so far deals with the interconnection of nodes in a distributed restoration domain by means of links, it should be appreciated that the instant invention is equally applicable to a distributed restoration domain whose nodes are communicatively interconnected without links. For example, in the case of a restoration domain that operates by using microwave transmission, no physical links are used. Instead, the various nodes are interconnected by microwave transmission, which also has its own distinct format. The packet message for a microwave transmission also includes particular bits that could be altered using the same principle of the instant invention so that, if a given domain of a wireless network is provisioned for distributed restoration, to quickly locate or isolate the fault in the event that a malfunction has occurred, the same altering of some unused bits in the microwave message can change the status of the signal that is being transmitted without affecting the operation of the network.

In the case that in place of a link, it is a node that malfunctions, the present invention is equally applicable insofar as that malfunctioning node also generates an alarm signal that is to be received by nodes adjacent thereto so that those adjacent nodes would convert the alarm signal into a non-alarm signal with an embedded message which is then propagated to nodes further downstream thereof in the distributed restoration domain. Thus, the site at which the fault occurred, be it a link or a node, could be isolated nonetheless.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for purposes of explanation, numerous changes, modifications, variations, substitutions, and equivalents, in whole or in part, should now be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the hereto appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. In at least one telecommunications network having a plurality of nodes connected respectively by a plurality of links, at least one domain of said network having been provisioned for distributed restoration of disrupted traffic, a method of determining whether a fault is located within said distributed restoration domain of said network, comprising the steps of: determining whether an alarm signal indicative of a fault is received by an access/egress node of said distributed restoration domain, said access/egress node provisioned to convert any alarm signal received thereat into a non-alarm signal; and determining said fault to be outside said distributed restoration domain if said alarm signal is received by said access/egress node but not by a node adjacent to said access/egress node, said adjacent node located within said distributed restoration domain.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: determining said fault to be located between said access/egress node and a node adjacent to said access/egress node within said distributed restoration domain if said access/egress node and said adjacent node both received said alarm signal.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: upon receiving an alarm signal, said access/egress node converting said alarm signal into a non-alarm signal, and propagating said non-alarm signal to nodes downstream thereof within said distributed restoration domain.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said access/egress node has not received any alarm signal, further comprising the steps of: determining whether any alarm signal is received by any two adjacent nodes within said distributed restoration domain; and determining said fault to be located between said adjacent nodes within said distributed restoration domain if an alarm signal is received by both of said any two adjacent nodes.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said each of said any two adjacent nodes further converts said alarm signal received thereat into a non-alarm signal and propagates said non-alarm signal to nodes downstream thereof.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said alarm signal is a Digital Service 3 (DS3) signal divided into a plurality of frames each having a number of C bits, and wherein said each of said any two adjacent nodes converts said alarm signal into said non-alarm signal, the state of at least one of said C bits in said non-alarm signal being different from the state of the same C bit in said alarm signal.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said alarm signal is a SONET (STS-3) signal divided into a plurality of frames each having a number of Z bits, and wherein said each of said any two adjacent nodes converts said alarm signal into said non-alarm signal, the state of at least one of said Z bits in said non-alarm signal being different from the state of the same Z bit in said alarm signal.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein, upon receipt from within said distributed restoration domain a non-alarm signal converted from an alarm signal, said access/egress node reconverts said non-alarm signal into said alarm signal and propagates said alarm signal to nodes outside said distributed restoration domain.
 9. In a telecommunications network having a plurality of nodes connected respectively by a plurality of links, at least one domain of said network having been provisioned for distributed restoration of disrupted traffic, a method of determining the location a malfunction within said distributed restoration domain, comprising the steps of: propagating from a malfunctioned link an alarm signal; each node within said distributed restoration domain, upon receipt of said alarm signal, changing said alarm signal into an idle signal and propagating said idle signal to nodes downstream thereof; and designating the link that communicatively connects an adjacent pair of nodes each of which having received said alarm signal to be said malfunctioned link if both of said nodes are in said distributed restoration domain., wherein said distributed restoration network is communicatively connected to said telecommunications network by at least one access/egress node; and wherein said access/egress node, upon receipt of said idle signal, reconverts said idle signal back into said alarm signal and propagates said alarm signal to nodes downstream thereof in said network, outside said distributed restoration domain.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said alarm signal is a Digital Service 3 (DS3) signal divided into a plurality of frames each having a number of C bits, and wherein said adjacent pair of nodes each convert said alarm signal into said non-alarm signal, the state of at least one of said C bits in said non-alarm signal being different from the state of the same C bit in said alarm signal.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said alarm signal is a SONET (STS-3) signal divided into a plurality of frames each having a number of Z bits, and wherein said adjacent pair of nodes each convert said alarm signal into said non-alarm signal, the state of at least one of said Z bits in said non-alarm signal being different from the state of the same Z bit in said alarm signal.
 12. In a distributed restoration network having a plurality of nodes connected respectively by a plurality of links, a method of determining the location of a malfunctioned link, comprising the steps of: propagating an alarm signal from said malfunctioned link; each node in said network, when in receipt of said alarm signal, converting said alarm signal into another signal that does not cause alarms to equipment in said network and propagating said another signal to nodes downstream thereof; and designating the link that communicatively connects a pair of adjacent nodes each of which having converted said alarm signal into said another signal to be said malfunctioned link wherein said distributed restoration network is communicatively connected to at least another telecommunications network not provisioned for distributed restoration of disrupted traffic by at least one access/egress node; and wherein said access/egress node, upon receipt of said another signal, reconverts said another signal back into said alarm signal and propagates said alarm signal to nodes downstream thereof in said another network.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said alarm signal is a Digital Service 3 (DS3) signal divided into a plurality of frames each having a number of C bits; and wherein said adjacent pair of nodes each convert said alarm signal into said non-alarm signal, the state of at least one of said C bits in said non-alarm signal being different from the state of the same C bit in said alarm signal.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein said alarm signal is a SONET (STS-3) signal divided into a plurality of frames each having a number of Z bits; and wherein said adjacent pair of nodes each convert said alarm signal into said non-alarm signal, the state of at least one of said Z bits in said non-alarm signal being different from the state of the same Z bit in said alarm signal.
 15. A combination of at least one telecommunications network having a plurality of nodes connected respectively by a plurality of links, at least one domain of said network provisioned for distributed restoration of disrupted traffic, and at least one access/egress node in said domain communicatively interconnecting said domain to said network, said access/egress node comprising: means for receiving an incoming signal; means for detecting the status of the received signal; means for converting any received alarm signal into a non-alarm signal and any non-alarm signal previously converted from an alarm signal back into said alarm signal; means for propagating the converted signal to nodes downstream thereof; wherein, in receipt of an alarm signal from said network, said converting means converts said alarm signal into a non-alarm signal and said propagating means propagates said converted non-alarm signal to nodes in said domain downstream of said access/egress node; and wherein, in receipt of a non-alarm signal previously converted from an alarm signal by a node in said domain, said converting means reconverts said non-alarm signal into said alarm signal and said propagating means propagates said reconverted alarm signal to nodes in said network downstream of said access/egress node.
 16. The combination of claim 15, wherein said any alarm signal is a Digital Service 3 (DS3) signal divided into a plurality of frames each having a number of C bits; and wherein said converting means converts said alarm signal into said non-alarm signal, the state of at least one of said C bits in said non-alarm signal being different from the state of the same C bit in said any alarm signal.
 17. The combination of claim 15, wherein said any alarm signal is a SONET (STS-3) signal divided into a plurality of frames each having a number of Z bits; and wherein said converting means converts said alarm signal into said non-alarm signal, the state of at least one of said Z bits in said non-alarm signal being different from the state of the same Z bit in said any alarm signal.
 18. The combination of claim 15, further comparing: a control means for monitoring the operation of the nodes in said network and said domain, said control means determining a fault to be outside said distributed restoration domain if said alarm signal is received by said access/egress node but not by a node adjacent to said access/egress node within said distributed restoration domain.
 19. The combination of claim 15, further comprising: a control means for monitoring the operation of the nodes in said network and said domain, said control means isolating a fault to be located between a pair of adjacent nodes within said distributed restoration domain if said control means monitors an alarm signal being received by both of said adjacent nodes. 